Penza, city, capital of Penza Oblast, central European Russia, on the Sura River. It is a railroad junction and industrial center; manufactures include business machines, farm equipment, lumber, timepieces, and bicycles. The city has industrial and teachers colleges, and regional and agricultural museums. Penza was founded as a fortress in 1666. Located in a belt of fertile black-earth soil, it grew as a trade center in the 18th century. Population (1999 estimate) 528,700.Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2001
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